PVLab Assistant

PV array size (kWp) = Daily energy need (kWh) ÷ (Peak sun hours × System efficiency)

Panel efficiency = P_out ÷ (Irradiance × Panel area) × 100%

MPPT — Perturb & Observe: adjust duty cycle Δd in the direction that increases dP/dV; reverse if power drops.

Synchronous speed: Ns = 120·f ÷ p (rpm), f = frequency (Hz), p = number of poles

Slip: s = (Ns − Nr) ÷ Ns

Park Transform (dq): converts 3-phase abc quantities to a rotating d-q reference frame aligned with rotor flux, for decoupled torque/flux control (FOC).

Buck converter: Vout = D · Vin (D = duty cycle, continuous conduction mode)

Boost converter: Vout = Vin ÷ (1 − D)

THD = √(Σ Vₙ² for n≥2) ÷ V₁ × 100%, where V₁ is the fundamental and Vₙ are harmonics

Voltage drop (line): ΔV = I · (R·cosφ + X·sinφ) · L

V = I · R

P = V · I = I² · R = V² ÷ R